Q – Was cycling popular in Montavilla’s early years?
A – Soon after the invention of the modern two-wheeler, the bicycle craze swept the country. It reached its peak in the 1890s and early 20th century. In Montavilla, there were not only local bicyclists but also Portlanders who liked to head for the countryside in east Multnomah County. A popular bicycle route, the Base Line Cycle Path, went right through Montavilla on what is now Stark Street.
One sign of cycling’s rising popularity is the increase in bicycle sales in Portland. They grew from 2,000 in 1897 to between 14,000 and 18,000 in 1899. There was also an increase in Portland bicycle dealers: from 11 in 1895 to a high of 24 in 1899, then dwindling to 12 in 1905.
What accounts for the bicycle’s popularity? Partly, it was the thrill of riding fast and far wherever you wanted to go—at least, compared to walking. But, also, the availability of the new Safety bicycle and lower prices made bicycling less dangerous and more affordable. A new Vanguard, for instance, cost $85.00 in 1896, but by 1898, you could get a mail-order Acme for $39.50. This was still a high price for the average worker making less than $800 a year, with women, minorities, and laborers earning even less.
Portland cyclists liked to make excursions to the countryside for the fresh air, exercise, and scenery. But most roads were poorly maintained. They were also crowded with horse-drawn vehicles, whose drivers did not yield kindly to cyclists.
To solve this problem, bicycle organizations—particularly the United Wheelmen’s Association—advocated the creation of cycle paths along existing roads, like those already found in other U.S. cities. But who would pay for them? The answer was a road-poll tax on bicyclists who would use the paths. The United Wheeling Association issued tags to all its dues-paying members—1 dollar for men and 50 cents for women and minors—to help pay for bicycle paths. Then, in 1901, the Oregon legislature passed a bill requiring all those who used bicycles to pay an annual tax of $1.
One of these paths headed east from Portland and passed through Montavilla’s main commercial street on Base Line Road (now Stark Street). Multnomah County constructed four-foot-wide paths on either side of the road. By March 1900, they were completed from the Morrison Bridge to Montavilla. Later, they extended as far as Gresham.
An Oregonian reporter offered a preview of this new bicycle route in the newspaper’s March 26, 1900 edition:
“As the road is as level as any around Portland, and runs through a beautiful country, the route will no doubt be a favorite one. There is, to be sure, a stiff climb up the Mount Tabor hill, but there are no urgent reasons why the rider who is not inclined to exertion cannot get off and walk, and the view as the road swings around the north side of Mount Tabor is worth twice the climb. A dozen of the sinuous branches of Columbia Slough may be seen shining in the distance, the Peninsula country is spread before the rider, and closer at hand the cottages of Montavilla form a little city of themselves.”
The article was accompanied by a map showing the routes to the bicycle paths east of the Willamette River.
The Morning Oregonian of October 16, 1900, called the Base Line Road cycle path “the most popular and attractive drive out of Portland.” But what did Montavillans think of the throngs of weekend bikers whisking through their community? What did they make of those athletic wheelwomen—some undoubtedly wearing the new, shockingly “masculine” attire: bloomers, knickerbockers, and divided skirts?
Whatever they thought of the bicyclists and the new, controversial clothing, some were definitely worried about the dangers of bicycle traffic. In 1901, 80 residents signed a petition complaining about frequent accidents involving children. The County Court sided with the petitioners and ordered bicyclists to use the middle of Base Line—rather than pathways—for three blocks in Montavilla.
Business owners who offered food and drink no doubt welcomed the weekend bicycle traffic. An article on the bicycle trend in The Oregonian of September 17, 1899, mentions farmhouses and booths along the Base Line Road bicycle route offering lunch and refreshments for bicyclists. In Montavilla, they could stop for sweet treats at Mrs. Winnie Burdett’s confectionery shop—located about where the Academy Theater is today. Or they might enjoy libations at William Grimes’ roadhouse or Captain Schneider’s beer garden, both at the corner of Base Line and 80th.
This boost to Montavilla businesses was short-lived. As the bicycle fad faded, fewer paid the bicycle license tax, so path maintenance began to slip. Still, in 1903, the Base Line path was one of the most used, even though it had not been repaired for a year. By 1906, Portland’s cycle paths were generally disappearing. The Base Line Road path continued a little longer, but it is not mentioned in newspaper accounts after 1908.
Many Montavillans may have been happy to see the weekend bicyclists go, but soon new and faster vehicles—motorcycles and automobiles—appeared. An item in the local Beaver State Herald on February 27, 1913, described bicycle riding as a little better than walking and as requiring too much human energy. The motorcycle, on the other hand, needed only a little gasoline and some oil for the joints. “All you do is hold the reigns [sic] and do a little steering, no work, no danger of exhaustion, just like sailing.”
And then there was the automobile. In October 1902, a car traveling 35 miles per hour in Montavilla prompted locals to ask the Oregon legislature to impose speed limits on county roads. The world was changing from slow to high-speed propulsion.
Title Image: “Cycle touring,” Harper’s Weekly, April 11, 1896 (artist, A. B. Frost):
Source: Library of Congress LC-USZ62-108253
This is part of Montavilla History Questions Answered, a series of history related articles. If you have questions about Montavilla’s past that you’d like answered, local historian Patricia Sanders will investigate your question. Please email your questions to history@montavilla.net and we may feature it alongside Patricia Sanders’ research in a future.